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Aquin, Sud, Haiti, nestled at approximately 18.2797° N, -73.3943° W, occupies a geographically significant position within the southern peninsula of Haiti. The city’s terrain is characterized by a gently undulating landscape, transitioning from coastal plains to low hills, a typical feature of the region’s geology. Situated relatively close to the Caribbean Sea, Aquin benefits from coastal breezes, though these can also carry pollutants from distant sources. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of small-scale agriculture – primarily sugarcane and bananas – interspersed with patches of remnant dry forest. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to localized air pollution through the burning of fields and the use of fertilizers. The urban–rural gradient around Aquin is gradual; the city blends seamlessly into the agricultural zone, with rural communities and small farms bordering its periphery. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Aquin, but the city serves as a regional market town, attracting trade and transportation which can generate emissions. Elevation plays a minor role, with the city situated at a relatively low altitude, limiting dispersion of pollutants. The proximity to the sea also influences local weather patterns, creating conditions that can trap pollutants under certain meteorological circumstances. The overall geographic setting presents a complex interplay of natural ventilation and potential pollution sources, impacting the city’s air quality.

Aquin’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from December to April, often sees a build-up of pollutants. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and stagnant air conditions are more prevalent. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air below, can occur during this period, exacerbating the problem by preventing vertical dispersion of pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear land for planting, intensifies during the dry season, releasing particulate matter and other harmful gases. The wet season, from May to November, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity, which generally improves air quality by washing away pollutants and increasing atmospheric mixing. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can stir up dust and mold spores, temporarily degrading air quality. Wind patterns are generally easterly, bringing moisture and occasionally pollutants from the eastern Caribbean islands. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the cooler months, trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding potential flooding-related air quality issues is advised. The interplay of rainfall, temperature, and agricultural practices creates a dynamic air quality profile throughout the year.