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Tela, nestled on the northern coast of Honduras within the Atlántida department, occupies a geographically significant position where the Caribbean Sea meets a backdrop of lush, hilly terrain. Located at approximately 15.78° N, 87.45° W, the city’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 10 meters above sea level, contributing to a humid, tropical climate. Tela’s urban character is defined by its historical role as a banana-exporting port, leaving a legacy of infrastructure geared towards maritime trade and agricultural processing. The surrounding landscape is dominated by dense tropical rainforest, gradually transitioning to rolling hills and mountains further inland. This proximity to extensive banana plantations, a major agricultural zone, influences local air quality, particularly during harvest and processing periods. The city’s coastal location means it’s susceptible to sea breezes, which can disperse pollutants but also carry maritime salts and contribute to coastal fog. To the east, the landscape rises towards the Pico Bonito National Park, a significant barrier influencing regional wind patterns and potentially trapping pollutants. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; beyond the city limits, agricultural lands and dense forest quickly prevail. The presence of smaller industrial facilities related to banana processing and port operations, concentrated along the coastline, adds localized pollution sources. The prevailing winds, generally easterly, often carry moisture and pollutants from nearby agricultural areas and the Caribbean Sea, impacting air quality within the city limits. The flat topography limits natural ventilation, potentially exacerbating pollution episodes.

Tela’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning December to April, often sees a slight improvement in air quality due to reduced rainfall and lower humidity. However, this period can also experience stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of high pressure, leading to the accumulation of pollutants from agricultural activities and localized industrial emissions. The lack of consistent rainfall means dust from unpaved roads and construction sites becomes a more significant contributor. The wet season, from May to November, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter. However, intense rainfall events can occasionally mobilize pollutants from agricultural runoff, impacting water and air quality simultaneously. Fog, common during the transition months (November and May), can trap pollutants near the surface, creating localized episodes of reduced visibility and potentially elevated exposure. Agricultural burning, a common practice during the dry season to clear land for planting, is a significant source of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during periods of agricultural burning and when fog is present. During the wet season, while overall air quality tends to be better, heavy rainfall can exacerbate mold growth, impacting indoor air quality and potentially triggering allergic reactions. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, but vigilance regarding agricultural practices is still advised.