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Siguatepeque, nestled within the Comayagua department of Honduras, occupies a geographically significant position in the country’s central highlands. Located at approximately 14.5978° N, 87.8353° W and an elevation of around 1,250 meters (4,100 feet) above sea level, the city benefits from a relatively cool, temperate climate compared to the coastal lowlands. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, part of the broader Central Mountain Range, influencing local wind patterns and air circulation. Siguatepeque sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient. To the west and north, agricultural lands dominate, primarily dedicated to coffee cultivation, alongside maize and bean production – these activities contribute to localized particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons. To the east and south, the urban influence increases, with smaller settlements and commercial areas. The city itself presents a compact urban form, with a central plaza and radiating streets, typical of many Honduran towns. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the nearby Río Comayagua provides a crucial water source and influences regional humidity. The mountainous terrain can trap pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather, and the valley setting can exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions, hindering vertical mixing and concentrating emissions. The lack of extensive industrial zones within the immediate vicinity mitigates some pollution risks, but vehicular traffic and residential wood-burning stoves remain key contributors to local air quality challenges.

Siguatepeque’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning November through April, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and the prevailing winds, frequently light and variable, struggle to disperse pollutants. Temperature inversions are more common during these months, trapping emissions close to the ground, particularly in the mornings. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing and preparing fields for planting, intensifies during the transition into the dry season (October-November), releasing substantial smoke and particulate matter. The wet season, from May to October, brings increased rainfall, which naturally washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. However, periods of heavy fog, common during the wet season, can temporarily reduce visibility and trap moisture-borne pollutants. The increased humidity can also exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. During the peak of the wet season (August-September), monsoon-like conditions can bring strong winds, which, while beneficial for dispersion, can also stir up dust from unpaved roads and construction sites. Individuals with respiratory conditions, the elderly, and young children should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during the morning hours, and be mindful of agricultural burning events. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial during periods of elevated particulate matter.