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Potrerillos, Cortes, Honduras, nestles within a geographically significant region of western Honduras, approximately 15 kilometers northeast of Gracias, the departmental capital. Situated at an elevation of roughly 1,500 meters (4,921 feet) above sea level, the city enjoys a cooler, highland climate compared to the lowlands of the Honduran coastal regions. Its coordinates (15.2333, -87.9667) place it within a landscape dominated by the Cordillera de Montecillos, a range of rugged mountains and valleys. The surrounding terrain is characterized by steep slopes, dense cloud forests, and agricultural terraces, reflecting a long history of human adaptation to the challenging topography. The city’s urban character is distinctly rural, with a relatively low population density and a strong reliance on agriculture, primarily coffee and beans, which are cultivated on the surrounding hillsides. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to localized air quality concerns, particularly during harvesting and processing seasons. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with small settlements and farms seamlessly blending into the mountainous landscape. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, Potrerillos benefits from numerous streams and springs originating in the higher elevations, contributing to the region’s water resources. The absence of significant industrial belts nearby mitigates large-scale industrial pollution, but the prevalence of wood-burning stoves for heating and cooking, especially in more remote areas, represents a persistent source of particulate matter. The regional position, close to the border with Guatemala, also influences transportation patterns and potential transboundary pollution events.

Potrerillos experiences a tropical highland climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning November through April, often sees clearer skies and reduced rainfall, but also heightened particulate matter concentrations. This is due to a combination of factors: reduced precipitation to wash pollutants from the atmosphere, increased use of wood-burning stoves for heating as temperatures drop, and agricultural burning practices to clear land for planting. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. The wet season, from May to October, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the air and reducing particulate levels. However, periods of intense rainfall can lead to soil erosion and increased dust, temporarily impacting air quality. Fog, particularly prevalent during the transition months (April/May and October/November), can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods, typically in the mornings. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of smoke exposure during burning seasons. While the wet season generally offers improved air quality, heavy rainfall events can still pose risks due to increased mold and allergens. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and avoiding wood-burning stoves when possible are crucial year-round for protecting respiratory health.