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Kiskőrös, nestled within the Bács-Kiskun county of Hungary, occupies a geographically significant position in the southern Great Hungarian Plain, or Alföld. Its coordinates (46.6203, 19.2836) place it within a predominantly flat, alluvial landscape, characteristic of the Danube’s drainage basin. The terrain is gently undulating, primarily composed of fertile loess soils, historically ideal for agriculture. The city’s elevation averages around 80 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric profile, though also potentially hindering dispersion of pollutants under certain conditions. Kiskőrös is surrounded by extensive agricultural land, dominated by cereal crops and sunflowers, a key factor influencing regional air quality. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the Kiskörei-ér stream flows nearby, offering some localized humidity but minimal impact on broader air circulation patterns. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; Kiskőrös functions as a regional service center, drawing in surrounding agricultural communities, but retains a distinctly rural character. The absence of significant industrial belts within the immediate vicinity is a positive factor, though agricultural practices, particularly the use of fertilizers and machinery, and occasional burning of crop residue, can contribute to localized air pollution episodes. The relatively open landscape allows for some wind-driven dispersion, but also exposes the city to pollutants transported from larger industrial areas further north and west. The prevailing winds generally flow from the northwest, impacting air quality from that direction.

Kiskőrös experiences a continental climate, profoundly influencing its air quality throughout the year. Spring (March-May) often brings a noticeable increase in particulate matter due to agricultural activities – plowing, fertilizer application, and the initial stages of crop growth release dust into the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, common during calm spring nights, can trap pollutants close to the ground. Summer (June-August) typically sees improved air quality due to higher temperatures and increased convective mixing, which disperses pollutants. However, periods of intense heat can exacerbate ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) presents a mixed picture. Harvest season contributes to elevated dust levels, while cooler temperatures and calmer conditions can lead to localized stagnation. The burning of crop residue, though increasingly regulated, remains a potential source of smoke and particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season. Cold, stable air masses, frequent fog, and temperature inversions create conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. Reduced solar radiation limits photochemical reactions, but the lack of wind and the prevalence of fog trap emissions from residential heating (primarily wood and coal) and agricultural operations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during winter months and periods of agricultural activity in spring and autumn. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial during these times. Awareness of local weather forecasts and agricultural schedules can help individuals plan outdoor activities accordingly.