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Mezőkövesd, nestled within the Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county of northeastern Hungary, occupies a geographically significant position within the Hungarian Basin. Located at approximately 47.8067° N, 20.5647° E, the town sits at an elevation of around 180 meters (590 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate but also influencing local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by rolling hills and fertile plains, typical of the Great Hungarian Plain. This agricultural zone, while vital for the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter from farming practices, particularly during harvest periods. To the west, the Bükk Mountains rise, creating a barrier that can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, especially during temperature inversions. The town itself exhibits a distinct urban–rural gradient; Mezőkövesd retains a charming, small-town character with a relatively low population density (15,541), minimizing direct urban pollution sources like heavy traffic congestion. However, its proximity to larger industrial centers within the Borsod region, notably around Miskolc, means it can be affected by transboundary air pollution. The lack of significant nearby bodies of water further limits natural air purification processes, as water surfaces can help dissipate pollutants. The prevailing winds generally flow from the northwest, potentially carrying pollutants from industrial areas towards Mezőkövesd, impacting local air quality.

Mezőkövesd’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological factors. Spring (March-May) often brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing accumulated winter pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and field preparation, can introduce ammonia and particulate matter, creating localized air quality concerns. Summer (June-August) typically sees relatively good air quality due to consistent winds and higher mixing heights, which dilute pollutants. However, periods of intense heat can lead to stagnant air and ozone formation, particularly during prolonged sunny spells. Autumn (September-November) presents a more complex picture. Harvest season significantly increases particulate matter from agricultural burning and machinery emissions. Temperature inversions, common during this period as the land cools rapidly, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to poorer air quality. Fog, frequent in autumn, exacerbates this issue by reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersion. Winter (December-February) often witnesses the poorest air quality. Cold, stable air masses and frequent temperature inversions create conditions where pollutants, including those from residential heating (primarily wood and coal), become trapped. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during these periods, particularly on days with low wind speeds and dense fog. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during spring and summer months, avoiding peak agricultural periods and hot, still days.