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Törökszentmiklós, nestled within the Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county of Hungary, occupies a geographically significant position within the Puszta, a vast, historically fertile grassland plain. Located at approximately 47.18°N, 20.42°E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Great Hungarian Plain, with an average elevation of around 110 meters above sea level. This flatness, while beneficial for agriculture, contributes to air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – primarily maize, wheat, and sunflowers – interspersed with smaller villages and occasional patches of woodland. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual; Törökszentmiklós itself is a market town, serving the surrounding agricultural communities, and its built environment reflects this function, with a mix of residential areas, local businesses, and agricultural processing facilities. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the city benefits from proximity to smaller streams and drainage channels that contribute to local humidity. The region’s location, relatively distant from major industrial hubs like Budapest, initially suggested cleaner air, but intensive agriculture and localized industrial activity, including livestock farming and food processing, introduce specific pollutants. The Puszta’s expansive nature can also lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of calm weather, hindering pollutant dispersion. The lack of significant topographical features means that air pollutants tend to accumulate, especially during temperature inversions, impacting local air quality.

Törökszentmiklós experiences a continental climate, significantly influencing its air quality throughout the year. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and vegetation begins to grow, absorbing some pollutants. However, agricultural activities, including fertilizer application and pesticide spraying, can temporarily elevate levels of ammonia and particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is generally the most favorable period, with warmer temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing and dispersing pollutants. However, prolonged heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) presents a more complex picture. Harvest season intensifies agricultural emissions, particularly from machinery and crop residue burning, leading to increased particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Temperature inversions are also more frequent during autumn nights, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season. Cold temperatures and frequent fog events lead to stagnant air conditions, allowing pollutants to accumulate. Residential heating, primarily using wood or coal in some households, contributes significantly to particulate matter and carbon monoxide levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, particularly on days with dense fog or low wind speeds. Limiting outdoor exertion and ensuring adequate ventilation are advisable. During harvest periods, minimizing exposure to fields and avoiding areas with visible smoke is recommended. Spring and autumn require awareness of agricultural emissions and potential temperature inversions.