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Kaposvár, the regional capital of Somogy County in Hungary, occupies a geographically significant position within the Southern Transdanubian region. Situated at approximately 46.3667° N, 17.7833° E, the city rests on a gently undulating plain, part of the Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld), characterized by fertile loess soils. Its elevation averages around 130 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions under specific weather conditions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, a patchwork of arable fields and pastures, with smaller settlements scattered across the open terrain. This close proximity to intensive agricultural practices, including livestock farming and fertilizer use, can contribute to localized ammonia emissions and particulate matter. While Kaposvár lacks immediate access to major rivers, it is within reasonable distance of the Danube River, influencing regional weather patterns. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural land seamlessly transitioning into residential areas. The city itself exhibits a compact urban form, largely shaped by its historical development as a market town. Industrial activity is present, primarily focused on food processing and light manufacturing, situated on the city's periphery, which can occasionally impact local air quality. The lack of significant topographic barriers means that pollutants can disperse relatively easily, but also means that any localized emissions can affect a wider area. The prevailing winds, generally from the west, play a crucial role in the transport of pollutants across the region.

Kaposvár’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) often brings a noticeable increase in pollen levels, impacting respiratory health and contributing to particulate matter concentrations. Agricultural activities ramp up during this period, releasing dust from tilling and ammonia from fertilizer application, further degrading air quality. Summer (June-August) typically sees improved conditions due to increased convective mixing – warmer temperatures and stronger winds disperse pollutants more effectively. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to stagnant air and ozone formation, particularly during sunny days. Autumn (September-November) presents a mixed picture. While wind speeds generally remain moderate, temperature inversions are more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially in the mornings. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can still occur, adding to particulate pollution. Winter (December-February) is often the most challenging season. Cold, stable air masses and frequent fog events lead to poor dispersion, resulting in elevated levels of fine particulate matter and nitrogen oxides from residential heating (primarily wood and coal). Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during periods of fog and temperature inversions, particularly in the early morning. It’s advisable to monitor local air quality reports and adjust outdoor activities accordingly. During the warmer months, limiting strenuous activity during peak ozone hours (typically midday) is recommended. The gradual transition between seasons often brings unpredictable air quality fluctuations, highlighting the importance of staying informed.