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Zalaegerszeg, nestled in the heart of Zala County, Hungary, occupies a unique geographic position within the Little Hungarian Plain. The city sits at an elevation of approximately 160-180 meters above sea level, a relatively flat terrain gently undulating with the surrounding landscape. This plain is bordered to the west by the Örség hills and to the east by the Bakony forest, creating a basin-like effect that can influence air circulation. The Göcseji Forest, historically significant for its timber resources, lies immediately to the north, while agricultural lands dominate the south and east. The city is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, though the Zala River flows nearby, influencing local humidity. Historically, Zalaegerszeg developed as a market town serving the agricultural hinterland. While industrial development has increased in recent decades, it remains less concentrated than in larger Hungarian cities like Budapest or Debrecen. This dispersed industrial activity, coupled with agricultural practices – including potential fertilizer use and seasonal burning – contributes to the city’s air quality profile. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with quickly transitioning land use patterns impacting pollutant dispersion. The city’s location within this basin can trap pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions, exacerbating air quality concerns.

Zalaegerszeg experiences a continental climate, resulting in distinct seasonal air quality patterns. Winter (December-February) often sees the poorest air quality, driven by increased residential heating using solid fuels like wood and coal, coupled with temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Calm, cold conditions limit atmospheric mixing, concentrating particulate matter. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, though agricultural burning can temporarily elevate pollution levels. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with prevailing winds dispersing pollutants and higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing. However, occasional heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) is a transitional period. As heating begins again, particulate matter levels start to rise. November often sees increased fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during winter and early spring. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity on high-pollution days and monitoring local reports are crucial. The period from June to September typically offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor recreation, though even then, awareness of potential ozone spikes during heatwaves is advised.