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Amalāpuram, nestled in the fertile Krishna Delta of Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the state’s coastal belt. Located at approximately 16.5787° N latitude and 82.0061° E longitude, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the deltaic plains formed by the Krishna River. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields, primarily rice paddies and aquaculture ponds, reflecting the region’s strong agrarian economy. The city’s proximity to the Bay of Bengal, roughly 50 kilometers to the east, influences local weather patterns and introduces a maritime element to the air quality profile. Amalāpuram sits at a low elevation, generally below 15 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly around Amalāpuram; the city itself is relatively compact, with a gradual shift to agricultural land and smaller villages in the immediate periphery. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the region experiences agricultural burning during post-harvest seasons, contributing to localized air pollution. The Krishna River, flowing nearby, provides a crucial water source but can also be impacted by agricultural runoff, indirectly affecting the overall environmental health. The flat topography and deltaic setting limit natural ventilation, potentially trapping pollutants and influencing the city’s air quality dynamics.

Amalāpuram’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon cycles. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural burning practices following the harvest of key crops like rice and pulses. Farmers clearing fields contribute significantly to smoke and dust, reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. The hot temperatures during these months also promote the formation of ground-level ozone, a secondary pollutant. Conversely, the monsoon season (June to September) brings relief, with frequent rainfall effectively washing away pollutants and dispersing accumulated particles. Strong winds associated with the monsoon also enhance ventilation, improving air quality considerably. October and November represent a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and a gradual return of drier conditions, potentially leading to a slow increase in pollution levels. Winter months (December to February) are generally cooler, but fog formation can trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the early mornings. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring for any adverse health effects. Maintaining awareness of local weather conditions and agricultural practices is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor activities.