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Chennūr, a small town in Andhra Pradesh, India, sits at coordinates 14.5667°N, 78.8000°E, nestled within the broader Krishna River Delta region. The terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the coastal plains, with an elevation hovering around a few meters above sea level. This low-lying geography contributes to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. Chennūr’s location is strongly influenced by its proximity to the Krishna River, a vital source of irrigation and transportation, but also a potential pathway for pollutant transport. Surrounding the town are predominantly agricultural lands, primarily rice paddies, which, while essential for the local economy, contribute to seasonal biomass burning and methane emissions. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Chennūr itself is a relatively small settlement, quickly giving way to rural agricultural landscapes. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of small-scale brick kilns and agricultural processing units in the surrounding areas contributes to localised particulate matter emissions. The coastal climate means humidity is generally high, impacting the chemical reactions of pollutants in the atmosphere. The town’s position within the delta makes it susceptible to flooding during heavy monsoon rains, potentially exacerbating air quality issues through the resuspension of sediments and pollutants.

Chennūr experiences a tropical climate, with air quality fluctuating significantly between the wet and dry seasons. The dry season, roughly from November to May, sees the poorest air quality. Lower humidity and stagnant air masses, coupled with increased agricultural burning after the harvest, lead to a build-up of particulate matter and other pollutants. January to March are particularly challenging, with temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. The monsoon season, from June to October, brings relief through rainfall which washes away pollutants, but also introduces challenges. High humidity can promote the formation of mould and secondary pollutants. While the monsoon winds generally disperse pollutants, localised flooding can stir up sediment and contaminants. August and September, with peak rainfall, often see temporarily improved air quality, but increased dampness can exacerbate respiratory issues. Post-monsoon, in October-November, a return to drier conditions and continued agricultural activity can lead to a resurgence of pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season and take precautions during periods of heavy rainfall and flooding.