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Dharmāpuri, nestled in the undulating landscape of Andhra Pradesh, India, presents a unique geographic profile significantly influencing its air quality. Situated at approximately 18.9475° N latitude and 79.0940° E longitude, the town occupies a relatively low-lying area, averaging around 300 meters above sea level. This elevation, combined with its position within a predominantly rural district, contributes to a gradual urban–rural gradient. The surrounding terrain is characterized by gently sloping plains and scattered rocky outcrops, typical of the Deccan Plateau. While Dharmāpuri itself is a small town with a population of just over 17,000, it lies within a region experiencing increasing agricultural activity, particularly focused on crops like groundnuts and pulses. This agricultural zone, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution through seasonal burning practices. The town's proximity to the Penner River, though providing a crucial water source, doesn't significantly impact air quality due to limited evaporative cooling effects. Dharmāpuri isn't directly adjacent to major industrial belts; however, it serves as a regional market town, experiencing increased vehicular traffic from surrounding villages and agricultural areas. The prevailing winds, generally from the southwest during the monsoon and shifting to the northeast during the drier months, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants. Topography limits ventilation, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, especially during periods of temperature inversion.

Dharmāpuri’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the Kharif season, significantly contributes to particulate matter during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the formation of ground-level ozone under specific conditions. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, with a slight increase in particulate matter as agricultural activity resumes. Winter months (December-February) are generally the most pleasant, with cooler temperatures and moderate winds. Fog, however, can occasionally form, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon season and avoid prolonged outdoor exposure when fog is present. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is advisable during periods of elevated pollution. The transition months of March and October require particular vigilance as agricultural practices shift.