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Dharmasāgaram, nestled in the undulating landscape of Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Krishna River basin. Located at approximately 17.99°N, 79.44°E, the town’s terrain is characterized by gently sloping plains, a consequence of the river’s alluvial deposits. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – predominantly rice and pulses – interspersed with pockets of dry scrubland typical of the Deccan Plateau. Dharmasāgaram’s elevation, relatively low at around 250 meters above sea level, contributes to a tendency for stagnant air conditions, particularly during certain times of the year. The proximity to the Krishna River, while providing a vital water source, can also influence local humidity and temperature patterns, impacting pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Dharmasāgaram is gradual; the town blends seamlessly into the agricultural hinterland, with small villages and agricultural activity defining the immediate periphery. While Dharmasāgaram itself is a relatively small urban center, it sits within a broader regional context influenced by industrial activity further north along the Krishna River, and the agricultural belt stretching across the state. This regional influence, combined with local meteorological conditions, shapes the town’s air quality profile. The lack of significant topographic barriers further exacerbates the potential for pollutants to accumulate, especially when wind speeds are low. The soil composition, largely alluvial, can also influence the deposition and resuspension of particulate matter.

Dharmasāgaram’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon patterns. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, presents the most challenging period. High temperatures and minimal rainfall lead to increased dust resuspension from agricultural fields and construction sites, compounded by stagnant air masses. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying their impact. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings a welcome respite, with frequent rainfall effectively washing away particulate matter and diluting gaseous pollutants. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and localized fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. The post-monsoon period (October-November) sees a gradual decrease in rainfall and a return of warmer temperatures, often accompanied by agricultural burning in surrounding fields, contributing to elevated levels of smoke and particulate matter. December and January represent the cooler months, with relatively cleaner air due to lower temperatures and occasional northerly winds that help disperse pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor exertion during peak hours. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of dust exposure during land preparation and harvesting. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also offer some protection.