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Duvva, a small town nestled in the Alluri Sitharama Raju district of Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Eastern Ghats. Located at approximately 16.7792° N latitude and 81.6242° E longitude, its elevation of around 300 meters above sea level contributes to localized microclimates. The town’s setting is characterized by undulating terrain, transitioning from the foothills of the Eastern Ghats to a broader agricultural landscape. Duvva is surrounded by a mosaic of rural areas dominated by rice cultivation and interspersed with patches of dry deciduous forests, typical of the region. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces a seasonal element of biomass burning, particularly during post-harvest periods, which can significantly impact local air quality. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the region receives water from smaller streams and seasonal tributaries, influencing humidity levels and potentially affecting pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Duvva is relatively gradual, with small villages and agricultural fields extending outwards. The town itself exhibits a modest urban character, primarily consisting of residential areas, local markets, and limited industrial activity, mainly related to agricultural processing. The prevailing winds, generally from the east, carry pollutants from surrounding areas, and the topography can create localized areas of stagnant air, especially during periods of calm weather, exacerbating air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape, a blend of agricultural fields and forested hills, plays a crucial role in both the sources and the dispersion of airborne pollutants.

Duvva’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon patterns. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the highest pollution levels. This period is characterized by rising temperatures, decreasing humidity, and frequent temperature inversions, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Agricultural burning after the harvest of rabi crops significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during these months. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds that effectively flush out pollutants. Humidity levels rise, and the frequency of temperature inversions decreases, leading to improved air quality. October and November mark a transitional period, with gradually decreasing rainfall and a return to calmer conditions. This can lead to a slight increase in pollution as agricultural activities resume. The winter months (December-February) are generally the coolest and driest, with occasional fog formation. Fog, while visually appealing, can trap pollutants, leading to localized episodes of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon season and on foggy days. Outdoor activities are best planned during the monsoon season when air quality is generally better. The agricultural practices prevalent in the surrounding areas necessitate awareness of potential smoke exposure, particularly during post-harvest periods. Public health advisories regarding minimizing exposure to smoke and maintaining indoor air quality are crucial during these times.