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Emmiganūr, nestled in the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, India (15.7333° N, 77.4833° E), occupies a geographically significant position within a landscape characterized by undulating terrain and a gradual transition from semi-arid scrubland to more fertile agricultural zones. The city’s elevation, averaging around 350 meters above sea level, contributes to localized temperature variations and influences atmospheric stability. Emmiganūr is situated approximately 15 kilometers from the Tungabhadra River, a vital water source for the region, though its direct impact on the city’s air quality is moderated by distance and prevailing wind patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive cultivation of groundnut, cotton, and pulses, which can contribute to particulate matter through agricultural practices like burning crop residue, particularly during post-harvest seasons. To the north and east, the terrain rises gently, forming part of the Deccan Plateau, potentially trapping pollutants under stable atmospheric conditions. Emmiganūr’s urban character is that of a developing town, with a mix of residential areas, local markets, and small-scale industries, including brick kilns and agricultural processing units. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land quickly enveloping the city limits. This proximity to agricultural activities, combined with the plateau’s topography, creates a setting where localized pollution sources can have a disproportionate impact on air quality, especially during periods of reduced wind speed and temperature inversions. The regional position within Rayalaseema, known for its dry climate and limited rainfall, further exacerbates these challenges.

Emmiganūr’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon cycles. The dry season, spanning roughly from March to May, typically witnesses the poorest air quality. High temperatures and minimal rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Agricultural burning after the harvest of rabi crops (winter crops) significantly contributes to particulate matter during this period. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief with increased rainfall and stronger winds, effectively flushing out pollutants and improving air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, with a potential for localized pollution spikes as agricultural activities resume. Winter months (December-February) are generally characterized by cooler temperatures and occasional fog, which can trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring for any respiratory discomfort. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. The transition periods between seasons often present unpredictable air quality, requiring vigilance and awareness of local conditions.