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Ghatkesar, a municipality in the Medchal-Malkajgiri district of Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain typical of the Deccan Plateau. Situated at coordinates 17.4494°N, 78.6853°E, and with a population of approximately 19,763, Ghatkesar’s geography significantly influences its air quality. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive cultivation of rice and other crops. This agricultural activity contributes to particulate matter pollution through practices like crop residue burning, particularly after the harvest seasons. The city’s proximity to Hyderabad, a major metropolitan area and industrial hub, is a crucial factor; prevailing winds often carry pollutants from the city towards Ghatkesar. The urban-rural gradient is becoming increasingly blurred as Hyderabad expands, leading to increased vehicular traffic and construction within and around Ghatkesar. There are no major bodies of water immediately adjacent to Ghatkesar, reducing the moderating influence of water bodies on local temperatures and pollutant dispersion. The elevation is modest, around 520 meters, which doesn’t provide significant atmospheric mixing. This combination of factors creates a localized environment susceptible to pollutant accumulation, especially during periods of low wind speed and temperature inversions.

Ghatkesar experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting air quality. The post-monsoon period (October-November) often sees a surge in pollution due to stagnant air and the widespread practice of agricultural burning following the monsoon harvest. Temperature inversions are common during the cooler months (December-February), trapping pollutants near the ground and exacerbating respiratory issues. These months are generally less favourable for outdoor activity, particularly for individuals with pre-existing conditions. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) bring rising temperatures and dust storms, increasing particulate matter concentrations. May is typically the worst month for air quality, with hot, dry winds carrying dust and pollutants. The monsoon season (June-September) offers a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to temperature inversions. While the monsoon provides cleaner air, the increased humidity can trigger fungal growth, impacting those with allergies. Overall, avoiding outdoor exertion during peak pollution periods – October-November and March-May – is advisable, and sensitive groups should consider using air purifiers indoors.