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Jagoniguda, Andhra Pradesh, rests within a predominantly rural landscape, approximately 20 kilometers southwest of Vijayawada, a significant urban hub. Situated at coordinates 17.32°N, 78.52°E, the town occupies a gently undulating terrain characteristic of the Deccan Plateau. The elevation averages around 30 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions under specific conditions. The surrounding area is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily rice and pulses – interspersed with smaller villages and pockets of scrubland. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the burning of crop residue, particularly during post-harvest seasons. The Krishna River, a major waterway, flows approximately 15 kilometers to the east, offering some potential for evaporative cooling and influencing regional wind patterns, though its direct impact on Jagoniguda’s immediate air quality is moderate. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; Jagoniguda itself is a small town with a population of roughly 67,000, exhibiting a mix of traditional dwellings and newer constructions. Vijayawada’s industrial belt, located further northeast, introduces a potential source of pollutants carried by prevailing winds. The plateau’s geology, composed largely of basaltic rock, can also influence the dispersion of particulate matter, sometimes trapping pollutants closer to the ground, especially during periods of low wind speed. The relatively flat topography limits natural ventilation, potentially exacerbating localized pollution events.

Jagoniguda’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, presents the most challenging period. High temperatures and minimal rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, frequently leading to temperature inversions where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air. This inversion prevents the vertical dispersion of pollutants, resulting in elevated concentrations of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. Agricultural burning after the harvest season significantly contributes to this problem, with smoke plumes lingering due to the lack of wind. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief with frequent rainfall and increased wind speeds, effectively flushing out pollutants and improving air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the release of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from vegetation. October and November mark a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures. Fog, common during these months, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. December and February represent a relatively cleaner period, with moderate temperatures and occasional wind gusts. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season (March-May) and periods of fog (October-November), limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks when necessary. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable during these times.