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Jangamguda, Andhra Pradesh, rests within a gently undulating landscape characteristic of the Deccan Plateau, situated at approximately 17.6238° N, 78.6251° E. The town’s geography is defined by its proximity to the Krishna River basin, though direct river frontage is limited. The surrounding terrain is primarily agricultural, a patchwork of cultivated fields and interspersed with scrubland and dry deciduous forests further afield. This agricultural zone contributes to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvest periods when biomass burning is common. Jangamguda’s elevation, relatively low at around 300 meters above sea level, influences atmospheric stability and can exacerbate pollution episodes. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; the town itself is a small settlement, transitioning seamlessly into the agricultural hinterland. It’s located within a region experiencing increasing urbanization, with larger cities like Vijayawada and Guntur within a reasonable radius, potentially impacting air quality through regional transport of pollutants. The local climate is semi-arid, with hot summers and relatively mild winters. The plateau’s geology, composed largely of basaltic rock, can influence dust generation, especially during drier periods. Prevailing winds generally flow from the west, carrying pollutants from industrial areas to the east, though local topography can disrupt these patterns. The lack of significant natural barriers means that pollutants can disperse relatively easily, but also that regional air quality events can impact Jangamguda.

Jangamguda’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, presents the most challenging conditions. High temperatures and low humidity create atmospheric stability, often leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice for clearing fields after harvest, significantly elevates particulate matter concentrations during this period. Dust storms, frequent during April and May, further degrade air quality. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as increased rainfall and stronger winds disperse pollutants. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. October and November see a gradual transition, with decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures, potentially leading to a resurgence of particulate matter. Winter months (December to February) are generally milder, with less agricultural burning, but occasional cold, still nights can still lead to localized pollution build-up. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during the dry season and be mindful of dust events. During the monsoon, while overall air quality improves, those with allergies should be aware of increased pollen counts. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is advisable throughout the year.