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Kolattūr, nestled in the Tiruvannamalai district of Andhra Pradesh, India (coordinates 13.3295° N, 79.4797° E), occupies a geographically significant position within a predominantly rural landscape. The town’s terrain is gently undulating, characteristic of the Deccan Plateau, with elevations ranging from approximately 150 to 250 meters above sea level. This relatively low elevation, combined with its location inland, influences local air circulation patterns. Kolattūr is surrounded by agricultural fields, primarily cultivating rice and pulses, contributing to potential biogenic emissions and dust generation, particularly during harvest seasons. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the town benefits from proximity to smaller water bodies and seasonal streams, which can influence humidity levels and, consequently, pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Kolattūr is gradual; the town itself exhibits a modest urban character, with a mix of residential areas, small-scale commercial establishments, and agricultural support services. The broader region is part of the Eastern Ghats foothills, impacting prevailing wind patterns. Significant industrial activity is limited within Kolattūr itself, but the town’s location within the Tiruvannamalai district places it within reach of industrial belts further north, potentially exposing it to transboundary pollution. The surrounding landscape, a mosaic of agricultural land and scrub vegetation, plays a crucial role in the local microclimate and the transport of particulate matter, impacting air quality dynamics.

Kolattūr experiences a tropical wet-dry climate, significantly impacting its air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, is characterized by high temperatures and reduced rainfall. This period often witnesses elevated levels of particulate matter due to increased dust from agricultural activities like plowing and harvesting, coupled with stagnant air masses and the prevalence of temperature inversions, which trap pollutants near the ground. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief with increased rainfall, effectively washing away pollutants and improving air quality. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. October and November mark a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and gradually increasing humidity. December and January are generally cooler months, with occasional fog, which can exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor exertion during peak hours. Agricultural workers are particularly vulnerable and should utilize appropriate protective measures. The post-monsoon period, with its cooler temperatures and potential for fog, also warrants careful monitoring. While the monsoon provides a natural cleansing effect, the initial weeks can be challenging, and awareness of potential air quality impacts is crucial for public health.