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Kollūru, nestled in the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Krishna River basin. Located at approximately 16.1847° N, 80.7961° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characteristic of the Deccan Plateau, with elevations ranging from 20 to 40 meters above sea level. This gentle topography influences local wind patterns, often resulting in stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of low wind speed. Kollūru is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to rice and groundnut cultivation, interspersed with scrubland and pockets of dry deciduous forest. The proximity to the Krishna River, though providing a vital water source, can also contribute to localized humidity and fog formation, impacting atmospheric dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Kollūru is relatively gradual; the town itself is small, with a population of just over 16,000, and blends seamlessly into the surrounding agricultural landscape. While Kollūru itself lacks major heavy industries, it sits within a region experiencing increasing industrial development, with several small-scale manufacturing units and processing facilities located within a 20-kilometer radius. These activities, combined with agricultural practices like crop burning after harvest, contribute to the overall regional pollution burden, which can be transported to Kollūru via prevailing winds. The surrounding landscape, largely flat and open, offers limited natural barriers to pollutant dispersal, making the town susceptible to regional air quality fluctuations.

Kollūru’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon cycles. The dry season, spanning roughly from March to May, is typically characterized by high temperatures and low humidity. This period often witnesses a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and increased solar radiation, which can exacerbate photochemical smog formation. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to poorer air quality. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief with frequent rainfall, effectively washing away particulate matter and reducing overall pollution levels. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and localized flooding, potentially releasing pollutants from stagnant water sources. The post-monsoon period (October-November) sees a resurgence of pollutants as agricultural activities intensify, with crop residue burning being a significant contributor. Fog, frequently occurring during the winter months (December-February), further restricts atmospheric mixing and traps pollutants, creating conditions conducive to poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog, limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks. The months of April and May are generally the most challenging for air quality, while the monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities. Careful monitoring of local weather patterns and agricultural practices is crucial for predicting and mitigating air quality risks.