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Kosi, Andhra Pradesh, nestled within the undulating landscape of the Deccan Plateau, presents a unique geographic profile influencing its air quality. Located at approximately 16.9878° N, 77.7169° E, the town sits at a modest elevation, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, though not entirely shielding it from regional pollution. The surrounding terrain is characterized by gently sloping hills and plains, typical of the region, with agricultural lands dominating the immediate periphery. This proximity to farmland, while vital for the local economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter from agricultural burning, particularly during post-harvest seasons. Kosi’s position within Andhra Pradesh places it within a broader agricultural belt, and it’s not far from industrial zones concentrated further east, potentially drawing pollutants from those areas. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively smoothly, with small villages and agricultural fields quickly giving way to the town’s built environment. While Kosi lacks direct access to major rivers or large bodies of water, the occasional seasonal streams contribute to localized humidity, which can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The town’s compact size and relatively low population density (21,215) suggest a less intense urban heat island effect compared to larger metropolitan areas, but localized industrial activity and vehicular emissions still play a role in shaping its air quality profile. The prevailing wind patterns, generally from the west, influence the dispersal of pollutants, often carrying them eastward.

Kosi’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to June, is often characterized by increased pollution levels. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity allow particulate matter to persist longer in the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. Agricultural burning, a widespread practice following the harvest of crops like groundnuts and pulses, significantly contributes to particulate pollution during these months. April and May are generally the most challenging months for air quality, with stagnant air conditions frequently observed. The monsoon season, from July to October, brings relief as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased wind speeds disperse them. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily trap pollutants. November and December mark a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures, potentially leading to a slow return of pre-monsoon conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The post-monsoon period, while generally better than the dry season, can still experience localized pollution spikes due to agricultural practices and the accumulation of dust.