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Mahbūbābād, nestled in the heart of Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Telangana Plateau. Located at approximately 17.6167° N latitude and 80.0167° E longitude, the city’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characterized by gently sloping hills and valleys typical of the Deccan Plateau. The elevation averages around 530 meters (1739 feet) above sea level, influencing local weather patterns and contributing to potential temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – predominantly rice and cotton cultivation – interspersed with dry deciduous forests. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter pollution. Mahbūbābād sits on the edge of an urban–rural gradient; while it functions as a regional trading hub and administrative center for the district, it retains a distinctly rural character, with significant portions of the population engaged in agriculture or related industries. The nearest major river, the Manjira, flows approximately 30 kilometers to the north, offering a limited moderating influence on the local climate. The city’s location, relatively distant from major industrial belts, mitigates some pollution risks, but the reliance on biomass fuels for cooking and heating, coupled with vehicular emissions, remains a key factor in local air quality. The plateau’s topography can trap pollutants, especially when wind speeds are low, exacerbating localized air quality challenges.

Mahbūbābād experiences a tropical wet-dry climate, significantly impacting its air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, is characterized by high temperatures and minimal rainfall. This period often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter pollution, primarily due to agricultural burning of crop residue and increased dust from unpaved roads. Temperature inversions are more frequent during these months, trapping pollutants close to the ground. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief with frequent rainfall, effectively flushing out pollutants and improving air quality considerably. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and increased humidity, which can affect respiratory health. October and November mark a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and gradually increasing humidity. While rainfall decreases, the lingering effects of agricultural practices can still contribute to particulate matter. The winter months, December to February, are generally the coolest, with occasional fog formation. Fog, combined with low wind speeds, can severely restrict air dispersion, leading to stagnant air and elevated levels of pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog, limiting outdoor activities and ensuring adequate ventilation. During the monsoon, while air quality improves, vigilance against waterborne illnesses is crucial. The agricultural cycle dictates much of the pollution pattern, making sustainable farming practices essential for long-term air quality improvement.