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Maliāl, nestled in the Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Deccan Plateau. Its coordinates (18.7000° N, 78.9667° E) place it within a region characterized by undulating terrain, a landscape sculpted by ancient volcanic activity and subsequent erosion. The city’s elevation, though modest, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. Maliāl is surrounded by a predominantly rural landscape of agricultural fields, primarily cultivating rice and pulses, interspersed with pockets of scrubland and rocky outcrops. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter pollution. The city’s proximity to the Krishna River, though not directly adjacent, influences regional humidity and precipitation patterns, impacting atmospheric stability and pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Maliāl is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural holdings blending seamlessly into the urban fabric. Further afield, the industrial belt surrounding Hyderabad, approximately 100 kilometers north, represents a potential source of long-range pollutants, occasionally impacting air quality in Maliāl. The plateau’s generally stable atmospheric conditions, coupled with the surrounding topography, can sometimes lead to pollutant accumulation, particularly during periods of reduced wind speed. The local geology, dominated by granite and basalt, also influences dust generation, a significant contributor to particulate pollution, especially during drier periods. The overall geographic setting presents a complex interplay of factors affecting Maliāl’s air quality.

Maliāl’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon patterns. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, is characterized by high temperatures and minimal rainfall. This period often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter pollution, primarily due to dust storms originating from the surrounding agricultural lands and construction activities. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the situation. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief with frequent rainfall, effectively flushing out pollutants and significantly improving air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and the release of pollutants from waterlogged areas. The post-monsoon period (October-November) sees a gradual decrease in rainfall and a slight increase in temperature, with air quality generally remaining moderate. December and January represent the cooler months, often accompanied by fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. During these months, outdoor activities are best planned for mid-morning when fog typically dissipates. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog. Agricultural burning after the harvest season can also contribute to elevated pollution levels, typically in late autumn. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is advisable during periods of poor outdoor air quality. The interplay of wind patterns, temperature fluctuations, and precipitation patterns shapes Maliāl’s air quality throughout the year.