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Mangūr, nestled in the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Krishna-Godavari plains. Located at approximately 17.9373° N latitude and 80.8185° E longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile delta region. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 25 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though also potentially exacerbating ground-level pollutant accumulation. Mangūr is surrounded by a landscape dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and pulses – forming a gradual urban-rural gradient. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces sources of particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons when burning of crop residue is practiced. To the west, the Bay of Bengal exerts a moderating influence on the climate, bringing occasional sea breezes that can disperse pollutants, though coastal fog can also trap them. The town’s proximity to the industrial belt of Guntur, approximately 60 kilometers to the north, introduces a potential source of industrial emissions, carried by prevailing winds. The lack of significant topographical barriers means that pollutants released within Mangūr or transported from surrounding areas tend to spread relatively easily, impacting air quality across the town. The flat terrain and agricultural surroundings combine to create a unique environmental context where local agricultural practices and regional industrial activity significantly shape the air quality profile.

Mangūr’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to June, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to increased dust from agricultural activities, including land preparation and harvesting, coupled with lower rainfall to wash pollutants from the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening conditions. The monsoon season, from July to October, brings relief as increased rainfall and stronger winds naturally cleanse the air. However, the monsoon also introduces humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. November and February represent transitional periods, with fluctuating wind patterns and occasional fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. During the cooler months (December-January), fog formation, particularly in the early mornings, can significantly reduce air quality, as pollutants become concentrated in the low-lying air. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog, limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks. Agricultural workers should be mindful of dust exposure and utilize protective gear. The monsoon months, while generally cleaner, can still trigger allergic reactions due to increased pollen and fungal spores.