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Mellacheruvu, nestled in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh, India (16.8173° N, 79.9331° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Deccan Plateau. The town’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characteristic of the region’s ancient geological formations, with elevations ranging from approximately 350 to 450 meters above sea level. This plateau landscape influences local air circulation patterns, often leading to stagnant conditions, particularly during periods of low wind speed. Mellacheruvu is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural lands, primarily cultivating crops like groundnut, cotton, and pulses, contributing to potential particulate matter emissions from agricultural practices, including burning of crop residue, though this is increasingly regulated. The town’s proximity to the Tungabhadra River, though not directly adjacent, provides a degree of regional humidity which can affect the dispersion of pollutants. Further afield, the industrial belt around Kurnool city, approximately 30 kilometers away, represents a potential source of industrial emissions impacting Mellacheruvu’s air quality. The urban-rural gradient around Mellacheruvu is relatively sharp; the town transitions quickly into agricultural fields and smaller villages, meaning that localized pollution sources can have a disproportionate impact on air quality within the town itself. The surrounding landscape is largely dry deciduous scrubland and rocky outcrops, offering limited natural air filtration capabilities. Topography and prevailing wind patterns combine to create a microclimate susceptible to pollutant accumulation.

Mellacheruvu experiences a tropical wet-dry climate, significantly influencing its air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, is characterized by high temperatures and minimal rainfall. This period often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter concentrations due to increased dust from agricultural activities, road construction, and reduced atmospheric washout. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the situation. The onset of the monsoon season (June to September) brings relief as rainfall effectively cleanses the atmosphere, significantly reducing pollutant levels. However, the monsoon can also introduce humidity, which, combined with stagnant air, can create conditions conducive to the formation of ground-level ozone. October and November represent a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and gradually increasing humidity. December and January are generally the coolest months, often experiencing periods of fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor exertion during peak hours. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of dust exposure. While the monsoon offers respite, awareness of potential ozone formation remains important. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial during periods of elevated pollution.