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Nandipeta, a small town in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh, India, sits at coordinates 18.9622°N, 78.1772°E. The terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the fertile Krishna River delta, with an elevation hovering around 25 meters above sea level. This low-lying position contributes to potential issues with stagnant air and the trapping of pollutants. Nandipeta is situated within a predominantly agricultural landscape, heavily reliant on rice cultivation and other crops. The proximity to the Krishna River, a vital water source, also influences local humidity and microclimates. While not a major industrial hub itself, Nandipeta’s location places it within reach of industrial activity concentrated further downstream along the river and in nearby cities like Vijayawada. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the town is surrounded by extensive paddy fields and rural settlements. This agricultural activity, while economically important, introduces sources of particulate matter through crop residue burning and fertilizer use. The relatively limited infrastructure for waste management also contributes to localised pollution. The town’s small size means pollution sources are concentrated, potentially leading to higher localised concentrations compared to larger, more dispersed cities. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for addressing Nandipeta’s air quality challenges.

Nandipeta experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Air quality generally worsens during the dry season, from November to May, as reduced rainfall leads to the accumulation of dust and pollutants. January and February are often the months with the poorest air quality, due to stagnant air masses and temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. The monsoon season, from June to October, brings significant relief, with heavy rainfall effectively washing away particulate matter and improving air quality. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. Post-monsoon, in October-November, a slight deterioration can occur due to residual moisture and calmer winds. Crop residue burning following the harvest season further exacerbates pollution during this period. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in January and February. During the monsoon, while air quality is better, the risk of waterborne diseases increases, requiring precautions. Monitoring wind patterns is vital; winds from the west often carry pollutants from industrial areas further inland. Overall, the monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity.