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Narasapur, nestled in the Andhra Pradesh state of India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Krishna River delta. Located at approximately 16.4361° N, 81.7016° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile deltaic plains. Its elevation is relatively low, hovering around 25 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of low wind. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – rice paddies and other crops dominate – interspersed with small villages and pockets of scrubland. This intensive agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, introduces sources of air pollution through the burning of crop residue after harvest, a common practice that releases particulate matter and other harmful gases. Narasapur’s proximity to the Krishna River, a major waterway, influences local humidity and temperature, impacting atmospheric stability and pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Narasapur is gradual; the town itself represents a modest urban centre, surrounded by a predominantly rural agricultural hinterland. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, it benefits from, and is potentially impacted by, industrial activity in nearby larger cities like Vijayawada. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns, often light and variable, can exacerbate the build-up of pollutants, especially during calmer periods, making the city’s air quality particularly sensitive to local emissions.

Narasapur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon cycles. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, presents the most challenging period. High temperatures and minimal rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, frequently leading to temperature inversions where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Agricultural burning is most prevalent during this time, significantly elevating particulate matter concentrations. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as strong winds and frequent rainfall effectively flush out pollutants, resulting in improved air quality. October and November mark a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures, potentially leading to a resurgence of localized pollution. Winter months (December to February) are generally cooler, but fog formation is common, trapping pollutants near the ground and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of dense fog, limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks. Agricultural workers are particularly vulnerable and should prioritize protective measures during harvest seasons. While the monsoon offers respite, heavy rainfall can occasionally lead to waterlogging and the release of stagnant water pollutants, though this impact on air quality is typically less significant than particulate matter from agricultural practices. Maintaining awareness of local weather conditions and minimizing exposure during periods of poor air quality is crucial for public health.