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Parkāl, a municipality in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain typical of the coastal plains. Situated at coordinates 18.2000°N, 79.7167°E, the town’s geography is heavily influenced by its proximity to the Krishna River, which flows nearby, providing both agricultural sustenance and potential for localised humidity. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterised by paddy fields and other cultivated crops, interspersed with small pockets of rural settlements. Parkāl’s urban character is that of a developing town, transitioning from a primarily agrarian economy to one with increasing commercial activity. The region experiences a distinct urban-rural gradient, with larger cities like Vijayawada (approximately 60km away) exerting a pull on Parkāl’s economic and demographic trends. This proximity to a larger industrial and transportation hub contributes to regional air pollution transport. The relatively low elevation and coastal location can contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Dust from agricultural practices, particularly during harvesting seasons, is a significant local source of particulate matter. The lack of substantial natural barriers to wind flow means pollutants can disperse, but also be readily transported *to* Parkāl from surrounding areas.

Parkāl’s air quality follows a pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The southwest monsoon, typically arriving in June and lasting until September, brings significant rainfall which effectively washes away particulate matter, resulting in generally improved air quality during these months. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. October and November see a transition period with decreasing rainfall and cooler temperatures, often accompanied by calmer winds, leading to a build-up of pollutants. This is a period when agricultural burning of crop residue is common, exacerbating particulate matter levels. December to February are the driest months, with clear skies but also increased dust suspension due to dry conditions and agricultural activity. Temperature inversions are more frequent during these cooler months, trapping pollutants close to the ground. March to May are the hottest months, with strong convective activity that can temporarily disperse pollutants, but also increased ozone formation due to high temperatures and sunlight. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the post-monsoon and dry seasons, and consider using masks when exposure is unavoidable. Monitoring local weather patterns is crucial for anticipating pollution spikes.