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Poranki, a municipality in Andhra Pradesh, India, sits at coordinates 16.4743°N, 80.7128°E, within the Krishna Delta region. The city’s geography is defined by its low-lying, alluvial plains, a consequence of the Krishna River’s extensive network of distributaries. This flat terrain, typical of the coastal Andhra landscape, facilitates agricultural activity, primarily paddy cultivation, which dominates the surrounding areas. Poranki’s elevation is minimal, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The city is situated approximately 10km inland from the Bay of Bengal, experiencing a humid subtropical climate influenced by monsoon winds. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Poranki is transitioning from a predominantly agricultural settlement to a more industrial and residential hub, spurred by its proximity to Vijayawada, a major regional centre. This growth brings increased vehicular traffic and small-scale industrial activity, including rice mills and brick kilns, contributing to localised air pollution. The surrounding landscape is characterised by extensive paddy fields interspersed with canals and smaller water bodies. The lack of significant topographical features hinders natural ventilation, exacerbating pollution during stagnant weather conditions. The Krishna River itself, while vital for irrigation, can also contribute to humidity and potentially trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions.

Poranki’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to February, generally offers the cleanest air. Cooler temperatures and moderate winds aid in pollutant dispersion. However, this is also when temperature inversions are more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly in the early mornings. The pre-monsoon months, March to May, witness a significant deterioration in air quality. Rising temperatures and stagnant air create ideal conditions for the build-up of particulate matter from dust, construction, and agricultural burning. May is typically the worst month. The southwest monsoon, arriving in June and lasting until September, brings temporary relief through rainfall, which washes away pollutants. However, increased humidity can also promote secondary pollutant formation. The monsoon winds themselves can transport pollutants from other regions. November to February are the most favourable months for outdoor activity, though sensitive individuals should still monitor conditions. During March-May, those with respiratory conditions should limit strenuous outdoor exercise and consider using masks. The elderly, children, and individuals with pre-existing lung or heart conditions are particularly vulnerable during periods of high pollution.