Pulakurti, nestled in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Deccan Plateau. Located at approximately 15.75°N latitude and 77.71°E longitude, the town sits at an elevation of roughly 370 meters (1214 feet) above sea level. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating terrain, typical of the plateau, with gently sloping hills and agricultural fields dominating the immediate vicinity. Pulakurti’s rural setting is a defining feature; it exists within a clear urban–rural gradient, transitioning from the town’s limited built environment to extensive farmlands cultivating crops like groundnuts, cotton, and pulses. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the town benefits from groundwater resources, supporting irrigation and local water needs. The broader region is part of the Tungabhadra River basin, influencing the local climate and soil composition. The absence of significant heavy industries within Pulakurti itself is notable, however, its proximity to industrial belts in Kurnool and surrounding districts introduces a potential source of pollutants transported by prevailing winds. Agricultural practices, including the burning of crop residue after harvest, can also contribute to localized air quality issues. The relatively flat terrain, combined with occasional temperature inversions during cooler months, can trap pollutants close to the ground, impacting local air quality. The town’s small size and limited vehicular traffic generally contribute to a less congested urban environment compared to larger Indian cities, but regional factors still play a crucial role in its air quality profile.

Pulakurti experiences a tropical wet-dry climate, significantly influencing its air quality throughout the year. The monsoon season, typically from June to September, brings relief from accumulated pollutants as rainfall washes particulate matter from the atmosphere and strong winds disperse stagnant air. However, the preceding pre-monsoon period (March-May) often witnesses a concerning rise in air quality degradation. High temperatures exacerbate the formation of ground-level ozone, a secondary pollutant, while stagnant air and occasional temperature inversions trap emissions from agricultural burning and distant industrial sources. Dust storms, common during this period, further contribute to particulate pollution. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual improvement as rainfall decreases and winds pick up, though agricultural residue burning can still pose a localized challenge. Winter months (December-February) are generally characterized by cooler temperatures and calmer winds, which, while pleasant, can lead to the formation of fog and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the surface. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor exertion during peak pollution hours. Farmers should adopt sustainable agricultural practices to minimize residue burning. Public awareness campaigns promoting cleaner cooking fuels and reducing vehicular emissions are crucial for maintaining acceptable air quality throughout the year, particularly during periods of meteorological stability.