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Rāyadrug, nestled in the undulating landscape of Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Krishna River delta. Located at approximately 14.6997° N, 76.8524° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile deltaic plains. Its elevation is relatively low, hovering around 15 meters above sea level, contributing to a humid subtropical climate and influencing atmospheric stability. Rāyadrug’s proximity to the Krishna River, a major waterway, plays a crucial role in the regional ecosystem, though it also introduces potential sources of localized pollution. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – predominantly rice and pulses – interspersed with small villages and pockets of scrubland. This agricultural intensity, while vital for the regional economy, can contribute to seasonal air pollution through biomass burning during harvest periods. The urban–rural gradient around Rāyadrug is gradual, with agricultural activities extending close to the town’s periphery. Further afield, the industrial belt of Guntur district, known for its food processing and agricultural industries, exerts an indirect influence on Rāyadrug’s air quality, occasionally transporting pollutants via prevailing winds. The flat topography and limited natural barriers exacerbate the potential for pollutant accumulation, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The deltaic soil composition, often rich in organic matter, can also contribute to fugitive dust emissions, especially during dry periods and agricultural activities. The town’s location within a densely populated region of Andhra Pradesh means it is susceptible to regional pollution trends.

Rāyadrug’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon cycles. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. High temperatures and low humidity create atmospheric stability, often leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the Kharif season, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with strong winds and frequent rainfall effectively flushing out pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and associated waterborne pollutants. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, with a slight increase in dust levels. December and January represent the coolest months, often characterized by fog, which can exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. The combination of cooler temperatures and stagnant air during these months can lead to a build-up of pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours. Agricultural workers are particularly vulnerable and should utilize appropriate respiratory protection. The monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, although vigilance regarding waterborne illnesses remains important. Awareness campaigns promoting cleaner agricultural practices and reducing reliance on biomass burning are crucial for mitigating seasonal air quality fluctuations.