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Repalle, a coastal town in the Bapatla district of Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a low-lying position within the Krishna Delta region. Situated at 16.0172°N latitude and 80.8294°E longitude, its geography is fundamentally shaped by its proximity to the Bay of Bengal and the extensive network of canals and distributaries branching from the Krishna River. The terrain is predominantly flat, typical of a deltaic plain, with elevations rarely exceeding a few meters above sea level. This flatness contributes to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. Surrounding Repalle are intensely cultivated agricultural lands, primarily paddy fields, which, while vital for the local economy, contribute to seasonal biomass burning and associated particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Repalle serving as a market and service centre for the surrounding agricultural communities. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of small-scale rice mills and brick kilns within and around the town adds to localised emission sources. The coastal location means the town is susceptible to sea breezes, which can either dilute or concentrate pollutants depending on prevailing weather conditions. The delta’s rich alluvial soil supports dense vegetation, but this doesn’t fully offset the impact of human activities on air quality. The town’s location within a major river delta makes it vulnerable to flooding, which can exacerbate pollution by mobilising sediment and contaminants.

Repalle experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly influencing its air quality. The post-monsoon period (October-November) often sees a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants, but this is short-lived. The dry season (December-May) is typically the most challenging period for air quality. Lower wind speeds and increased temperatures contribute to the build-up of particulate matter from agricultural activities, brick kilns, and vehicular emissions. January and February are often marked by temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The pre-monsoon months (April-May) bring hot, dry winds that can carry dust and pollutants from inland areas. The southwest monsoon (June-September) provides significant relief, with heavy rainfall effectively cleansing the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. October sees a transition period with fluctuating conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in April and May. During the monsoon, while air is cleaner, the risk of waterborne diseases increases, requiring caution. Monitoring local weather patterns is crucial for understanding daily air quality fluctuations.