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Sāmalkot, a municipality in Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a relatively flat coastal plain at approximately 17.0531°N, 82.1695°E. Its geography is fundamentally shaped by its proximity to the Bay of Bengal, influencing humidity and temperature patterns. The terrain is largely alluvial, formed by the Godavari and Krishna river deltas, creating fertile agricultural land surrounding the urban core. This agricultural dominance, primarily paddy cultivation, contributes to seasonal biomass burning, a significant localised source of particulate matter. Sāmalkot’s position within the East Godavari district places it within a region experiencing increasing industrial activity, particularly related to food processing and aquaculture, though large-scale heavy industry is currently limited. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; the city itself is a concentrated hub, quickly transitioning to agricultural fields and mangrove forests towards the coast. This proximity to the coast means sea breezes can offer some dispersion of pollutants, but also contribute to salt spray and humidity, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues. The relatively low elevation makes the area susceptible to localised flooding during heavy monsoon rains, which can also redistribute pollutants. Understanding this interplay of coastal influences, agricultural practices, and emerging industrial activity is crucial for assessing Sāmalkot’s air quality challenges.

Sāmalkot’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The pre-monsoon months (March to May) typically see the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures create stable atmospheric conditions, trapping pollutants from agricultural burning and local vehicle emissions. Hot, dry winds exacerbate dust suspension. The southwest monsoon, arriving in June and lasting through September, brings significant rainfall, effectively washing away many pollutants and improving air quality considerably. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October and November, the post-monsoon season, often experience a rebound in pollution as agricultural activities resume, including crop residue burning. Cooler temperatures and calmer winds lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near ground level. Winter months (December to February) generally offer better air quality than pre-monsoon, but can still experience localised pollution from domestic fuel burning and vehicle traffic. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak traffic hours are advisable throughout the year.