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Sūlūru, nestled in Andhra Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Krishna River delta, a region characterized by fertile alluvial plains and a gradual urban–rural gradient. Located at approximately 13.7°N, 80.02°E, the city’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 15 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive rice paddies and other crops dominating the immediate vicinity. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to air pollution through the emission of ammonia and particulate matter from fertilizer use and crop residue burning, especially during post-harvest seasons. To the west, the Bay of Bengal exerts a moderating influence on the climate, bringing moisture and occasional sea breezes, which can help disperse pollutants. However, the prevailing wind patterns often originate inland, carrying pollutants from industrial areas further north and west. The Krishna River itself provides a natural boundary and a source of water, but also presents a potential pathway for pollutants to spread. The city’s urban character is developing, transitioning from a smaller town to a growing urban center, with increasing vehicular traffic and localized industrial activity, further impacting air quality. The deltaic terrain, with its flat expanses, limits natural ventilation and can exacerbate pollution episodes.

Sūlūru’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon cycles. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses the poorest air quality. High temperatures and low humidity create stable atmospheric conditions, inhibiting vertical mixing and leading to pollutant accumulation. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying their impact. Agricultural burning after the harvest season significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during these months. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief as strong winds and frequent rainfall effectively flush out pollutants, leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. October and November mark a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures, potentially leading to a resurgence of pollution. Winter months (December-February) are generally cooler, but fog formation can trap pollutants, creating localized episodes of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog. Outdoor activities are best planned during the monsoon months when air quality is typically at its best. While the monsoon provides a natural cleansing effect, heavy rainfall can also lead to waterlogging and the release of pollutants from stagnant water sources, so vigilance is still required. Minimizing exposure to traffic during peak hours and avoiding areas with visible smoke are prudent measures throughout the year.