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Sunkarevu, a small town in Andhra Pradesh, India, sits at coordinates 16.3900°N, 81.8500°E, with a population of approximately 11,528. Geographically, the area is part of the Krishna Delta region, a fertile alluvial plain formed by the Krishna River. The terrain is predominantly flat, typical of deltaic landscapes, with a very low elevation, making it susceptible to localised flooding during heavy rainfall. Sunkarevu is situated inland, approximately 20km from the Bay of Bengal, meaning direct marine influences on air quality are moderated but still present through humidity and salt spray. The surrounding landscape is dominated by paddy fields, coconut groves, and other agricultural lands, indicative of the region’s strong agrarian economy. While not a major industrial hub itself, Sunkarevu is within reach of industrial areas along the coast, particularly around Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam, which can contribute to regional pollution transport. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; Sunkarevu represents a relatively small urban centre embedded within a largely rural agricultural matrix. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential sources of particulate matter from crop residue burning and fertilizer application, impacting local air quality. The flat terrain also limits natural dispersion of pollutants, exacerbating localised air quality issues.

Sunkarevu experiences a tropical climate, broadly divided into wet and dry seasons. Air quality generally worsens during the dry season (November to May), peaking in March and April. This is due to lower rainfall, increased dust from agricultural activities, and temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. The lack of monsoon winds during this period hinders pollutant dispersal. The post-harvest season, particularly after the Rabi crop, sees increased agricultural burning, significantly contributing to particulate matter. The monsoon season (June to October) brings relief, with heavy rainfall effectively washing away pollutants and increasing humidity, which suppresses dust. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. November sees a transitional period with moderate pollution levels. For those with respiratory sensitivities, avoiding outdoor activity during the peak dry season months of March and April is advisable. During the monsoon, while air is cleaner, precautions against dampness and mold are important. The relatively calm winds during the transition months can also lead to localised pollution build-up. Monitoring weather patterns and agricultural practices is crucial for understanding pollution fluctuations.