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Tanakallu, a small town in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh, India, sits at coordinates 13.9200°N, 78.1800°E. The terrain is largely characterised by undulating plains typical of the Rayalaseema region, a semi-arid plateau. The town’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Tanakallu is not directly adjacent to major bodies of water; however, it lies within the Pennar River basin, meaning groundwater availability and agricultural practices are intrinsically linked to the river’s flow. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with significant cultivation of groundnuts, cotton, and other dryland crops. While not a major industrial hub itself, Tanakallu is within reach of industrial activity concentrated in areas like Hindupur and potentially benefiting from, and contributing to, regional transport networks. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Tanakallu serves as a market town for surrounding villages, leading to increased vehicular traffic and localised dust generation. This combination of agricultural practices, potential industrial influence, and limited dispersion capacity creates a specific set of air quality challenges. The prevailing winds, often influenced by the seasonal monsoon patterns, play a crucial role in pollutant transport and concentration within the town.

Tanakallu experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and prevailing winds. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures create strong convective currents, lifting dust from agricultural fields and unpaved roads. Low humidity exacerbates particulate matter suspension. The onset of the Southwest Monsoon in June brings temporary relief, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increases atmospheric humidity, suppressing dust. However, increased cloud cover can also lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a resurgence of dust as fields are prepared for the Rabi season, and cooler temperatures can again promote inversion conditions. The winter months (December-February) generally offer the best air quality, with stable atmospheric conditions and minimal dust generation, though biomass burning for warmth in surrounding villages can contribute to localised smoke. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak traffic hours are also advisable.