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Undi, a small town in Andhra Pradesh, India, is situated at coordinates 16.6000°N, 81.4667°E, placing it within the Krishna River delta region. The terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the coastal plains, with an elevation close to sea level. This low-lying geography significantly influences air quality, limiting natural dispersion of pollutants. Undi’s proximity to the Bay of Bengal introduces high humidity and saline air, impacting atmospheric chemistry and potentially contributing to the formation of secondary pollutants. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily paddy fields – and coconut groves, typical of the Andhra Pradesh coastal belt. While not a major industrial hub itself, Undi is within reach of larger industrial areas along the coast, and transport corridors connecting these zones contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town is a concentrated settlement amidst a largely agrarian hinterland. This means that agricultural practices, including seasonal crop burning, can directly affect local air quality. The Krishna River, a vital waterway, influences local wind patterns and humidity, further shaping pollutant dispersal. The town’s small size means emissions are concentrated, making it vulnerable to air quality issues.

Undi experiences a tropical climate, with air quality fluctuating significantly between the wet and dry seasons. The post-monsoon period (October-November) often sees a temporary worsening of air quality as stagnant air traps residual moisture and pollutants. The dry season (December-May) is generally the most challenging, with lower humidity and increased dust from agricultural activities. January and February are particularly prone to poorer air quality due to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The southwest monsoon (June-September) brings relief, with rainfall effectively washing away particulate matter and increasing atmospheric mixing. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. August, while offering cleaner air due to monsoon rains, can also experience localised flooding which can disrupt sanitation and contribute to biological pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in January and February. During the monsoon, precautions against waterborne diseases are crucial. Monitoring wind direction is important, as pollutants can be transported from nearby agricultural burning or industrial areas.