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Tezu, nestled in the Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh, India, occupies a geographically unique position within the Eastern Himalayan foothills. Located at approximately 27.92°N, 96.17°E and an elevation of around 135 meters (443 feet) above sea level, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating plains intersected by small rivers and streams, notably the Lohit River which flows nearby. This low-lying landscape, while fertile, contributes to a tendency for stagnant air conditions, particularly during certain times of the year. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, comprising dense subtropical forests and agricultural lands – primarily rice cultivation – which form a gradual urban-rural gradient. Tezu’s proximity to the Myanmar border influences its climate and, potentially, transboundary pollution events, though data on this is limited. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Tezu; however, the region experiences some logging activity and small-scale agricultural processing, which can contribute localized emissions. The city’s urban character is relatively modest, with a compact layout and limited high-rise development. The Himalayan barrier to the north restricts the free flow of air, often leading to temperature inversions, especially during the cooler months. The valley setting, combined with the surrounding forested hills, can trap pollutants, impacting local air quality. The presence of the Lohit River, while providing a water source, can also contribute to humidity and fog formation, further influencing atmospheric conditions and pollutant dispersion.

Tezu’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to September, brings heavy rainfall and strong winds, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed away and dispersed. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and fog, which, while cleansing, can temporarily reduce visibility. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) often see a build-up of pollutants due to stagnant air and increasing temperatures. Temperature inversions are common during this period, trapping emissions close to the ground. The dry season (November-February) presents a mixed picture. While temperatures are cooler, the lack of rainfall and frequent fog episodes can exacerbate air quality issues. Fog, prevalent in December and January, significantly reduces pollutant dispersion, leading to a build-up of particulate matter. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can also contribute to localized pollution during this time. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and dry season months, particularly when fog is present. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the monsoon months, although heavy rainfall can still pose challenges. The post-monsoon period (October) often sees a transitional improvement in air quality as rainfall decreases and winds pick up, but vigilance is still advised due to the potential for lingering pollutants.