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Barpeta, nestled in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam, India, is a city profoundly shaped by its low-lying, alluvial terrain. Situated at approximately 26.32°N, 91.00°E, the city’s elevation is minimal, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The Brahmaputra River, a defining feature of the region, flows nearby, influencing local humidity and occasionally contributing to stagnant air conditions, particularly during the monsoon. Barpeta is surrounded by a landscape dominated by rice paddies and wetlands, characteristic of the Assamese plains. While not a major industrial hub, the city serves as a significant trading centre for agricultural produce, and smaller-scale brick kilns and rice mills operate within and around the urban area. These contribute to particulate matter emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively gradual, with agricultural land intermingling with residential areas. This proximity means that seasonal agricultural practices, such as stubble burning after the harvest, can directly impact air quality within the city limits. The flat topography and frequent fog formation, especially in winter, exacerbate pollution build-up, trapping pollutants near ground level. The city’s location within a broad floodplain also means it’s susceptible to flooding, which can redistribute pollutants and create damp conditions conducive to mould growth, impacting respiratory health.

Barpeta’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon climate. The monsoon season (June-September) generally brings temporary relief from pollution due to rainfall washing away particulate matter and increased humidity suppressing dust. However, high humidity can also foster mould growth. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a deterioration in air quality as temperatures drop and wind speeds decrease, leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants. This period, coupled with agricultural residue burning after the rice harvest, is often the most polluted. Winter (December-February) brings frequent fog and stagnant air, exacerbating pollution levels. Dry conditions and increased use of biomass for heating contribute to higher particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive groups, including children and the elderly, should limit outdoor activity during these months. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) sees rising temperatures and increasing dust levels, though occasional pre-monsoon showers can offer brief improvements. Overall, October to February are the months to be most cautious regarding outdoor exposure. Individuals with respiratory conditions should carry necessary medications and consider using air purifiers indoors during peak pollution periods.