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Kochugaon, nestled in the foothills of Assam, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Himalayan ecosystem. Located at coordinates 26.5518°N, 90.0762°E, the town sits at a relatively low elevation, contributing to the potential for temperature inversions that trap pollutants. The surrounding landscape is characterised by lush, rolling hills transitioning into the plains of lower Assam, heavily influenced by the Brahmaputra River basin. This proximity to the river, while providing vital resources, also introduces humidity which can exacerbate particulate matter suspension. Kochugaon isn’t a major industrial hub, but its location along key transport routes connecting to larger cities like Guwahati means it experiences traffic-related emissions. The surrounding areas are predominantly agricultural, with tea gardens and rice paddies dominating the land use. This agricultural activity contributes to seasonal biomass burning, a significant source of localised air pollution. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a rapid transition from the town’s core to agricultural lands. This impacts dispersion patterns, as pollutants have limited open space to dilute. The terrain, while not mountainous, features undulations that can channel winds and create localised pockets of poor air quality. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for addressing Kochugaon’s air quality challenges.

Kochugaon’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Assam’s tropical monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst, with rising temperatures and stagnant air leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter from dust and agricultural fires preparing fields for the monsoon. Temperature inversions are common during this period, trapping pollutants near the ground. The monsoon season (June-September) brings temporary relief as rainfall washes away pollutants, but high humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. October and November see a resurgence of pollution as the monsoon recedes, and biomass burning for land preparation intensifies. This period often experiences shallow temperature inversions. Winter (December-February) can bring foggy conditions, further reducing visibility and trapping pollutants, though overall emissions are generally lower due to reduced agricultural activity. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during March-May and October-November. Avoiding peak traffic hours is also advisable. Monitoring wind direction is helpful; winds from agricultural areas during burning season will carry higher pollution levels. Staying indoors with windows closed during periods of high pollution is recommended.