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Sibsāgar, nestled in the upper Assam region of India, occupies a unique geographic position that significantly influences its air quality. The city, formerly known as Sivasagar, sits at an elevation of approximately 102 meters (335 feet) amidst a gently undulating terrain. This landscape is characterised by numerous *beels* (oxbow lakes) and wetlands, remnants of the Brahmaputra River’s dynamic course. The surrounding area is predominantly rural, dominated by tea gardens – Assam is the world’s largest tea-producing region – and agricultural lands, primarily rice paddies. Sibsāgar’s urban character is defined by its historical tank, the Borpukhuri, and the remnants of Ahom kingdom architecture. While not a major industrial hub, localised brick kilns and small-scale industries contribute to particulate matter emissions. The city’s proximity to the Brahmaputra River, while providing a water source, also means potential for humidity and stagnant air conditions, particularly during the monsoon. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural practices and biomass burning in surrounding villages impacting regional air quality. The prevailing winds, influenced by the Himalayas, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants. The relatively flat terrain limits natural ventilation, exacerbating pollution episodes during calm weather.

Sibsāgar experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, from November to April, typically sees the poorest air quality. Cooler temperatures and reduced rainfall lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Biomass burning for agricultural purposes after the harvest, and dust from unpaved roads contribute significantly to particulate matter concentrations. January and February are often the most challenging months. The pre-monsoon period (April-May) brings increased dust storms and localised fires, further degrading air quality. The arrival of the monsoon in June brings a dramatic improvement. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away pollutants, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the monsoon also brings increased fungal spores, potentially affecting respiratory health. September and October, as the monsoon recedes, see a gradual deterioration in air quality as conditions become drier. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly January-February, and consider using masks. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak pollution times is advisable.