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Soalkuchi, nestled in the Nagaon district of Assam, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Brahmaputra Valley. Located at approximately 26.28°N, 91.95°E, the town’s terrain is predominantly alluvial, a direct consequence of the region’s history of fluvial deposition by the mighty Brahmaputra River and its tributaries. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally flat landscape. This low elevation, combined with the proximity to the Brahmaputra and its associated wetlands, creates a humid subtropical climate and influences local air circulation patterns. Soalkuchi sits within a predominantly rural landscape, transitioning gradually towards more densely populated areas further east. The surrounding region is characterized by extensive rice paddies, tea plantations, and interspersed villages, representing a strong agricultural zone. While Soalkuchi itself is a relatively small town, it’s situated within a broader agricultural belt, and the burning of agricultural residue after harvests can significantly impact local air quality. The urban–rural gradient is gentle, with agricultural activities directly influencing the town’s atmospheric conditions. The Brahmaputra River’s presence moderates temperatures but also introduces potential for humidity-related particulate matter. The lack of significant industrial zones immediately adjacent to Soalkuchi mitigates some industrial pollution risks, though regional transport corridors can still introduce pollutants from elsewhere. The flat topography limits vertical mixing, potentially trapping pollutants closer to the ground, especially during periods of calm weather.

Soalkuchi’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to September, brings heavy rainfall and strong winds, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed away and dispersed. However, the preceding pre-monsoon period (March-May) often witnesses a concerning rise in air pollution. This is largely attributable to the burning of agricultural residue after the winter harvest, releasing significant quantities of particulate matter and gases into the atmosphere. Stagnant air conditions, common during this period, exacerbate the problem, preventing effective dispersion. The post-monsoon season (October-November) can also see elevated pollution levels due to a combination of factors, including cooler temperatures and the potential for fog formation, which traps pollutants near the ground. Fog, prevalent in November, significantly reduces visibility and concentrates airborne particles. Winter months (December-February) are generally cooler and drier, with occasional temperature inversions that can trap pollutants in a layer close to the surface. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution times. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The monsoon season offers a respite, but even then, localized agricultural burning can still impact air quality in surrounding areas. Awareness campaigns promoting alternative agricultural practices are crucial for long-term air quality improvement.