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Udalguri, nestled in the heart of Assam, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Brahmaputra Valley. Located at approximately 26.75°N, 92.10°E, the town’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characterized by gentle hills and valleys typical of the Himalayan foothills. The elevation averages around 120 meters (394 feet) above sea level, influencing local weather patterns and air circulation. Udalguri sits within a region dominated by dense tropical forests and agricultural lands, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. To the north and west, the landscape transitions into more rugged terrain, while the eastern side gently slopes towards the plains. The town’s proximity to the Sonajuli River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, plays a crucial role in the local microclimate, contributing to humidity and potential fog formation, particularly during the cooler months. While Udalguri itself is a relatively small town, it’s situated within a broader agricultural belt focused on rice cultivation and tea plantations, which can contribute to seasonal particulate matter emissions. The surrounding landscape, largely rural, limits significant industrial presence directly within Udalguri, though nearby industrial zones in greater Assam can occasionally influence air quality. The valley’s topography, combined with the monsoon climate, can trap pollutants, especially during periods of reduced wind speed, impacting local air quality and requiring careful monitoring.

Udalguri’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The monsoon season, typically spanning June to September, brings heavy rainfall and strong winds, effectively flushing out accumulated pollutants and generally improving air quality. However, the preceding pre-monsoon period (March-May) often witnesses a build-up of particulate matter due to agricultural burning, dust from road construction, and stagnant air conditions. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the issue. The post-monsoon season (October-November) can also see a slight deterioration in air quality as agricultural activities resume and cooler temperatures lead to calmer winds. Winter months (December-February) are characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, which significantly reduces visibility and traps pollutants, creating a hazy atmosphere. While overall pollution levels may not reach extreme highs compared to larger industrial cities, the combination of fog and trapped pollutants can pose a health risk, particularly for vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions. During the monsoon, outdoor activities are generally safe, but caution is advised during the pre-monsoon and winter months. Individuals with asthma or other respiratory ailments should monitor local conditions and limit prolonged outdoor exposure when air quality is visibly poor. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also recommended during these periods.