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Agarpur, Bihar, situated at approximately 25.1957° N, 87.0423° E, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains of eastern India. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 35 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges regarding air quality dispersion. Agarpur lies within a region heavily reliant on agriculture, particularly rice and maize cultivation, and is surrounded by expansive rural landscapes. To the west, the landscape gradually transitions towards slightly undulating terrain, while eastward, the Gangetic plain continues uninterrupted. The proximity to the Ganges River, though not immediately adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and humidity levels, which can impact pollutant behaviour. The city’s location within Bihar places it near several industrial belts concentrated in areas like Munger and Begusarai, contributing to regional pollution sources. The urban–rural gradient around Agarpur is relatively sharp; the city represents a small but growing urban centre surrounded by predominantly agricultural communities. This gradient means that agricultural practices, including stubble burning after harvests, can significantly impact local air quality, especially during drier periods. The flat terrain and limited natural barriers hinder the effective dispersal of pollutants, leading to potential stagnation and accumulation, particularly during periods of low wind speed. The surrounding landscape, dominated by agricultural fields and scattered villages, contributes to both particulate and gaseous pollutants.

Agarpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing wind speeds create conditions favourable for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural practices, particularly the widespread burning of crop residue after the winter harvest, exacerbate the problem, releasing significant amounts of particulate matter. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief as strong winds and frequent rainfall effectively flush out pollutants, leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localised flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from waterlogged areas. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to poorer air quality as temperatures drop and wind speeds decrease, although not as severely as in the pre-monsoon period. The winter months (December-February) are generally characterised by cooler temperatures and denser fog, which further restricts pollutant dispersion. Individuals with respiratory conditions, such as asthma and bronchitis, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. Children and the elderly are also particularly vulnerable and should take necessary precautions. During the monsoon, while air quality improves, vigilance against waterborne diseases is crucial. The drier months, particularly October and November, often experience increased levels of suspended particles, making mask usage advisable for all residents.