Amauna, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India (25.0531° N, 84.5169° E), occupies a geographically strategic yet challenging position for air quality. Situated at a relatively low elevation, approximately 118 meters above sea level, the city experiences minimal topographic influence on wind patterns, often leading to pollutant stagnation. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Gangetic plains – a vast expanse of agricultural land characterized by intensive farming practices, particularly rice and wheat cultivation. This proximity to extensive agricultural zones contributes significantly to seasonal particulate matter pollution from crop residue burning, a common practice after harvest. Amauna’s location within the broader Indo-Gangetic Plain, a region known for its atmospheric stability and frequent temperature inversions, exacerbates air quality issues. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural fields directly bordering the city, blurring the lines between urban and rural pollution sources. While Amauna is not directly adjacent to major rivers, its proximity to the Ganges River influences regional humidity and can impact the dispersion of pollutants. The absence of significant industrial belts immediately surrounding Amauna mitigates some industrial pollution, but the city’s reliance on transportation and the regional agricultural activity present persistent air quality challenges. The flat terrain and prevailing meteorological conditions create a bowl-like effect, trapping pollutants and hindering natural ventilation.

Amauna’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) is typically the most challenging, marked by a significant increase in particulate matter due to agricultural burning. Farmers clearing crop residue after the winter harvest release vast quantities of smoke, creating a dense haze that blankets the region. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants close to the ground, further worsening air quality. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief as rainfall washes away pollutants and strong winds disperse them. However, humidity levels rise considerably, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return of agricultural burning, though often less intense than in the pre-monsoon period. Winter months (December-February) are characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, which further restricts pollutant dispersion and contributes to a build-up of pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and winter months, particularly on days with dense fog or visible haze. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. The monsoon season offers a window of improved air quality, but vigilance regarding humidity-related health concerns remains important. Overall, minimizing exposure during the dry season is crucial for protecting respiratory health in Amauna.