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Arājpur, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Gangetic Basin. Located at approximately 25.52° N, 87.08° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 38 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges regarding air quality dispersion. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and maize cultivation – interspersed with small villages and scattered groves of trees. Arājpur sits within a gradual urban–rural gradient, transitioning from the densely populated areas of Bihar’s larger cities to the more sparsely populated rural hinterland. The proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a vital water source, can also contribute to humidity and fog formation, impacting pollutant dispersal. While Arājpur itself isn't directly adjacent to major industrial belts, it’s situated within a region experiencing increasing industrial development, with several small-scale manufacturing units and brick kilns operating in nearby areas. These contribute localized pollution sources. The flat terrain and limited natural barriers hinder the effective ventilation of pollutants, leading to potential accumulation, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The region's climate, characterized by hot summers and a distinct monsoon season, further influences atmospheric conditions and pollutant behaviour. The soil composition, rich in alluvial deposits, can also influence particulate matter resuspension during dry periods, exacerbating air quality concerns.

Arājpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its subtropical monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) typically experience the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures lead to increased dust resuspension from agricultural activities and construction, while stagnant air masses and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground. This period often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. The arrival of the monsoon (June-September) brings a significant improvement, as rainfall effectively washes away pollutants and strong winds disperse accumulated emissions. Humidity also increases, which can affect the chemical composition of pollutants. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual deterioration as rainfall decreases and temperatures begin to drop, leading to fog formation. This fog, combined with reduced wind speeds, traps pollutants, creating hazy conditions. Winter months (December-February) are characterized by cold temperatures and frequent fog, particularly in the early morning hours. This period presents a significant challenge for air quality, as fog reduces visibility and traps pollutants, increasing exposure risks. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during foggy mornings and periods of stagnant air, especially during the pre-monsoon and winter seasons. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable during these times. Agricultural burning, a common practice in the region, can significantly impact air quality during the transition periods between seasons, particularly in October and November.