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Aurāhi, a small city nestled within the plains of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position at coordinates 26.1895°N, 87.3372°E. The terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with a low elevation that contributes to the potential for stagnant air masses. Aurāhi is situated within a largely agricultural landscape, dominated by rice and wheat cultivation, typical of the region. The Burhi Gandak river flows relatively close by, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to localised fog formation during cooler months. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the wider Muzaffarpur district, of which Aurāhi is a part, experiences some industrial activity related to sugar processing and food production. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Aurāhi itself is a relatively small urban centre surrounded by extensive rural farmland. This proximity means that agricultural practices, including seasonal crop burning, significantly impact local air quality. The flat topography and limited natural ventilation channels exacerbate the concentration of pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed. Dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads also contributes to particulate matter levels. The city’s location within the densely populated Bihar plain means it is susceptible to regional pollution transport.

Aurāhi’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to November, often sees a deterioration in air quality. The receding monsoon winds are weak, and temperatures begin to drop, creating conditions conducive to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. This coincides with the post-harvest burning of crop residue, a major source of particulate matter. Winter, from December to February, brings consistently poor air quality due to continued temperature inversions and reduced wind speeds. Fog is common, further trapping pollutants. March and April see a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds pick up, but dust storms are frequent. The pre-monsoon months of May and June are typically the hottest and driest, with moderate air quality, though dust remains a concern. The monsoon season, from July to September, generally offers the cleanest air. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away pollutants, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to localised humidity and potential for mould growth. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during October-February and take precautions during dust storm events in March-April. Monitoring local conditions is crucial.