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Auria, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 24.8563° N, 87.0112° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an elevation of roughly 35 meters above sea level. This low-lying topography, while conducive to agriculture, presents challenges regarding air quality dispersion. Auria is surrounded by a landscape dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and wheat cultivation – which, during certain periods, contribute to particulate matter through crop residue burning. The city’s proximity to the Ganges River, though providing a vital water source, can also influence local weather patterns and humidity levels, impacting pollutant behaviour. Auria’s regional position places it within a broader agricultural belt, and the urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly, with small villages and agricultural land immediately bordering the city limits. Further afield, industrial zones in larger Bihar cities, such as Bhagalpur and Munger, can contribute to regional air pollution transported by prevailing winds. The flat terrain limits vertical mixing, potentially trapping pollutants closer to the ground, especially during periods of stable atmospheric conditions. The lack of significant natural barriers further exacerbates this issue, allowing pollutants to spread easily across the landscape. The surrounding landscape’s agricultural practices and the city’s location within a densely populated region collectively shape Auria’s air quality profile.

Auria’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, characterized by stagnant air and increased particulate matter. Agricultural burning of crop residue after the harvest season significantly contributes to this, creating a dense haze. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening conditions. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief as strong winds and rainfall flush out pollutants, leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to poorer air quality as agricultural activities resume and the winds weaken. Fog, prevalent during the colder months (December-January), further restricts visibility and traps pollutants, creating hazardous conditions. February offers a brief respite with clearer skies and improved ventilation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. During the foggy months, it’s advisable to wear masks and avoid strenuous outdoor exertion. The monsoon months generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, though those with allergies should be mindful of pollen counts.