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Baikatpur, nestled in the state of Bihar, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the fertile Gangetic plains. Located at approximately 25.4939° N, 85.3792° E, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain. Its elevation is relatively low, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. Baikatpur sits near the confluence of the Gandak River and the Ganges, a landscape historically vital for agriculture and transportation, but also a potential source of waterborne pollutants that can indirectly impact air quality through aerosol formation. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – primarily rice and wheat cultivation – interspersed with small villages, creating a gradual urban-rural gradient. This agricultural activity, while essential for the regional economy, contributes to seasonal particulate matter pollution from crop residue burning, particularly during post-harvest periods. To the west, one can observe the beginnings of industrial belts associated with larger Bihar cities, introducing potential sources of industrial emissions. The flat topography and limited natural barriers exacerbate the impact of regional pollution events, as pollutants can easily spread across the plains. The lack of significant elevation changes also reduces natural ventilation, further hindering the dispersion of airborne contaminants. The proximity to the Ganges, while providing a vital water source, can also lead to increased humidity, influencing the behaviour of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants.

Baikatpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s monsoon climate. The dry season, typically spanning October to May, witnesses a progressive deterioration in air quality. November and December often experience the worst conditions, coinciding with the post-monsoon period and widespread crop residue burning in surrounding agricultural lands. This practice releases significant quantities of particulate matter, severely impacting visibility and respiratory health. Temperature inversions, common during these colder months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. January and February are often characterized by dense fog, which further concentrates pollutants and reduces air movement. The monsoon season (June to September) brings a period of relative relief, as rainfall washes away pollutants and strong winds disperse accumulated contaminants. However, even during the monsoon, localized pollution can arise from construction activities and vehicular emissions. The transition months of March and April see a gradual increase in temperature and decreasing rainfall, leading to a slow return of pre-monsoon pollution levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during peak burning periods. Outdoor activities should be limited during foggy days and periods of high particulate matter concentration. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable during these times. The humid monsoon months generally offer a more favourable environment for outdoor pursuits, though vigilance regarding localized pollution sources remains important.