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Bhagwatpur, nestled in the fertile plains of Bihar, India (25.7484° N, 85.7016° E), occupies a geographically strategic yet challenging position concerning air quality. Situated at a relatively low elevation, approximately 55 meters above sea level, the city experiences minimal topographic influence on wind patterns, often leading to pollutant stagnation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by expansive fields of rice and wheat, typical of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. This intensive agricultural activity contributes to seasonal particulate matter pollution from crop residue burning, a significant regional concern. Bhagwatpur’s proximity to the Ganges River, while providing a vital water source, also influences local humidity and temperature, impacting atmospheric stability and pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Bhagwatpur is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural lands transitioning seamlessly into the city’s built environment. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Bhagwatpur, however, larger industrial zones are present within Bihar, and their emissions can be transported via prevailing winds. The flat terrain and lack of significant elevation changes exacerbate the problem of pollutant accumulation, particularly during periods of low wind speed and temperature inversions. The region's climate, dominated by a monsoon season and hot, dry periods, further complicates air quality management, creating conditions conducive to both particulate and gaseous pollutant build-up. The city's compact urban form, typical of many Indian settlements, can also contribute to localized pollution hotspots.

Bhagwatpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its subtropical monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) are typically the most challenging, characterized by hot, dry conditions and frequent temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to a noticeable increase in particulate matter. Agricultural burning of crop residue after the harvest season significantly contributes to this pollution spike. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the formation of secondary pollutants. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a return to drier conditions, and a resurgence of agricultural burning, again impacting air quality. Winter months (December-February) are often foggy, which further restricts pollutant dispersion and exacerbates the problem. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution hours. During the foggy winter months, it’s advisable to wear masks and avoid strenuous outdoor exertion. The monsoon season generally offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, although vigilance regarding humidity-related health concerns is still recommended. Understanding these seasonal variations is crucial for public health advisories and targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of air pollution on Bhagwatpur’s residents.